Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

                     Diabetes mellitus Type 1

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multisystem disease with both biochemical and anatomical/structural consequences. It is a chronic disease of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism caused by the lack of insulin, which results from the marked and progressive inability of the pancreas to secrete insulin because of autoimmune destruction of the beta cells. (See Pathophysiology.) 
Type 1 DM can occur at any age. It occurs most commonly in juveniles but can also occur in adults, especially in those in their late 30s and early 40s. (See Epidemiology.)
Unlike people with type 2 DM, those with type 1 DM generally are not obese and may present initially with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The distinguishing characteristic of a patient with type 1 diabetes is that if his or her insulin is withdrawn, ketosis and eventually ketoacidosis develop. Therefore, these patients are dependent on exogenous insulin. (See Clinical Presentation.)
Treatment of type 1 DM requires a multidisciplinary approach by physician, nurse, and dietitian. In patients with new-onset type 1 diabetes, lifelong insulin therapy must be started. As a chronic disease, DM requires long-term medical attention both to limit the development of its devastating complications and to manage them when they do occur. (See Treatment and Management and Medication.)
DM is a disproportionately expensive disease; in 2002, the per-capita cost of health care was $13,243 for people with diabetes, while it was $2560 for those without diabetes. The emergency department (ED) utilization rate by people with diabetes is twice that of the unaffected population.^[1] Overall, the annual financial cost from diabetes exceeds $100 billion, almost $1 of every $7 dollars of US health expenditures in terms of medical care and loss of productivity.

The disease diabetes mellitus can be divided into two main groups:

• Diabetes mellitus type 1, it is less frequently found. Of the patients on diabetes, only each 20th is a type 1.

• The diabetes mellitus type 2 is far more commonly found.

What happens in diabetes mellitus type 1 in the body?

The pancreas secretes a liquid into the bowel, which so decomposed food, that she can be absorbed through the intestinal mucosa. There are many small glands, the so-called Langerhans'schen Islands, which have nothing to do with the digestive function in the pancreas. These islands are responsible for the production of insulin for the production of hormones.

Description: The active profile is the characteristic function of a particular insulin.

For detailed information, see Active profiles of insulin

Admission\/duration min\/H: The column "Entry\/duration" shows the following values:

• entry the effect decreases blood sugar in minutes after administration

• Duration of effect in hours

Insulin is needed by the body, so that the glucose that is recorded about the food can be converted into energy.

The diabetes mellitus type 1 is a disease where the Langerhans'schen Islands are destroyed, i.e. it is produces no insulin. The cause of why the Islands are destroyed is not precisely known. It is known that the own defense system, which normally kill invading bacteria and viruses in the body, suddenly begins to destroy the Islands.

What are external signs in the diabetes mellitus type 1?

This disease occurs mostly in children and adolescents, in rare cases but also adults can develop type 1 diabetes. The type 1 the insulin occurs suddenly, he leads to rising quickly and strongly Blutzuckerspiegeln and causes

• Nausea

• Vomiting

• Abdominal pain

Diabetes mellitus type 1 the air smells like acetone (similar to nail polish remover), the patient has a hard deep breathing, his muscles feels hard, he is tired. The patient is in acute danger.

Why is mellitus type 1 an artificial insulin delivery for diabetes necessary?

So far, there are no ways to stimulate the dead Islands back to insulin production. Type 1 is therefore always an insulin treatment for diabetes required. The insulin treatment must be such that the patient has normal blood glucose levels. Modern insulin therapy, this is generally accessible.

The blood sugar control is bad, IBNR occur after approximately 10 years, affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves, the vessels and therefore the heart. The quality of life and the life expectancy of patients be restricted by this consequential. This can be avoided with good blood sugar control.